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Arbitration Law in Iraq - 617 Words

Some items relating to arbitration are found in the Iraqi law. This means that the Iraqi law has considered arbitration as an important method for resolving trade and investment disputes. Because it has found that arbitration has many advantages in resolving the disputes outside the national courts. For instance : Code of Civil Procedures articles (251-276) No. 83 of 1969, amended, and the Foreign Investment Law No. 13 of 2006, and the Terms of Reference approved by the Law of Specialized Commercial and Industrial Chambers And other legal texts in Iraqi law about arbitration Indicate the importance of arbitration. In law No. 34 of 1928, the Iraqi legal system was defined in international commercial arbitration , containing the ratification of the protocol on the terms of the arbitration, signed in Geneva on September 24, 1923, known as (the protocol on arbitration clauses.). The protocol called for the validity of agreements concluded among contracting states through resolving t rade differences by arbitration, adhering to the will of parties and the laws of the state where arbitration is conducted, and committing each contracting State to the implementation of arbitral decisions in their territories, by their staff, and under their national laws , and this may be conducted inside Iraq. Furthermore, silence by the Iraqi judiciary concerning the general principles enshrined in the Geneva Protocol of 1923 cannot be interpreted as an acceptance becauseShow MoreRelatedImplementation of the Provisions of the Foreign Arbitration1082 Words   |  4 Pages1 Implementation of the Provisions of the Foreign Arbitration In many states laws are controlling the issue of implementation of the arbitral awards which are issued in that state. 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Financial Management System Theory and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Financial Management System for Theory and Practice. Answer: Introduction: This report analyzes the financial performance of Helloworld Limited that is a travel service provider in Australia, New Zealand and across the world. Along with this, the report summarizes the business of Helloworld Limited and encompasses the main revenue themes or sources of company. It also includes the current share price of company and the factors affecting its share price. Financial statements: Financial statements are the report of the financial position and performance of firm at specific time. Financial statements include the different statements in it such as Income statement, Cash flow statement, and Balance sheet statement. This report or statement helps the firm in disclosing the information about the firms financial activities that is important for the director, stakeholders, and investors to build the decisions related to future investment. The financial statements of Helloworld Limited for the year 2016 and 2015 are added in appendices. Summary Of Business And Main Revenue Theme Helloworld Limited is an Australian based traveling service provider that offers integrated service of retail, wholesale, inbound, and tour and traveling services in Australia, New Zealand, Asia pacific, and South Pacific and across the world (Hello World Limited, 2017). Helloworld limited seeks to provide travel products and services to customers with above expectation customer services, at competitive price level, and at global level. It runs a franchise of travel agents as well. Helloworld basically operates in three sectors such as travel management, wholesale, and retail. The retail segment of the company consists of Helloworld, Helloworld associates, Hello world for businesses, the My Travel Group, Smart Fares, Qantas Vacations, Harvey World Travel, and The Travel Bookers (Hello World Limited, 2017). Along with this, wholesale business of Hello world offers air, land, and cruise products and services by network of retail travel agencies and inbound travel services. Furthermore, in segment of travel management, company offers services of flight arrangement, car hire, accommodation arrangement, visa facilitation and itinerary planning and management services to corporate customers, small and medium enterprises, and governments. The revenue of the Hello world comes from three segments include retail segment, travel management segment, and wholesale segment. The main revenue themes of Hello world are sales of the company, interest received, proceeds from disposal of investment, proceeds from disposal of properties, dividend from associates, contribution from minority shareholders, cash from acquisition of controlled entities, and sales of assets (Hello World Limited, 2017). Financial Analysis The financial analysis of Helloworld Limited is given below using financial ratios: Ratio Formula 2015 2016 Liquidity Ratio Current ratio Current assets/Current liabilities 1.064077356 1.050599728 Current assets 283,035 337,045 Current liabilities 265,991 320,812 Quick ratio Current Assets-Inventory/Current liabilities 1.06372772 1.050004364 Current assets 283,035 337,045 Inventory 93 191 Current liabilities 265,991 320,812 Profitability Ratio Net Profit Margin Net profit/Net sales -72.03% 0.56% Net profit -201,111 1,676 Net sales 279,223 297,923.00 Operating Margin Operating Profit/Net sales -71.05% 1.16% Operating Profit -198,397 3,450 Net sales 279,223 297,923.00 Capital Structure Ratio Debt Equity Ratio Total debts/Total Equity 13.10% 17.32% Total Debts 23,245 46,352 Total Equity 177,476 267,618 Equity Ratio Total Equity/Total Assets 0.376730008 0.414527306 Total Equity 177,476 267,618 Total Assets 471,096 645,598.00 Market Performance Ratio Earnings per share (Net profit-Pref. Share dividend) / number of ordinary share -0.00045673 1.52588E-05 Net profit -pref. share dividend -201,111 1,676 Number of Ordinary share 440,330,198 109,838,418 Dividend per share Dividend paid / number of shares 7.35811E-07 Dividend paid 324 Number of shares 440,330,198 109,838,418 Activity ratio Account receivables turnover Net credit sales / Average debtors 266.26% 221.94% Debtors and trade receivables 104,869 134,233 Total credit sales 279,223 297,923.00 Total assets turnover ratio Net sales / Total assets 0.592709342 0.461468282 Total assets 471,096 645,598.00 Net sales 279,223 297,923.00 Interest coverage Ratio EBIT/ Interest expenses -77.3249112 2.16830342 Interest expenses 2,533 2,953.00 EBIT -195,864 6,403 Source: Hello Wolrd Annual Report (2015, 2016) The liquidity of company is measured based on current ratio and quick ratios (Babalola and Abiola, 2013). From the above table, it is found that the current ratio of Hello world were 1.06, and1.05 in 2015, and 2016 respectively. It indicates that the liquidity of the company had slight fluctuation. Up and down movement states that liquidity condition of the company may increase or decrease in future as well. Similar to current ratio, quick ratio had somehow very similar fluctuation that states that liquidity condition of the company cannot be assumed whether it may increase or decrease in future (Delen et al, 2013). The liquidity was decreased in 2016. Profitability ratio: Profitability is the profit earned by the company and it is identified based on the net profit, gross profit, and operating profit of the company. (Borowski, 2010). Based on the analysis of net profit margin and EBIT or operating profit analysis, it is found that the operating efficiency of the company was decreased in 2015 but company worked on it and improved its efficiency in 2016 that brought it over from the huge loss. Hello word was suffering from the net loss of 201,111 in 2015. That was converted in profit of 1676 in 2016 that indicates the capability of the company to turn on opportunities. Similarly, the operating profits of the company for 2015, and 2016 were (198,397), and 3450 respectively. Therefore, it can be said that company improved its operational efficiency and management that led increment in the operating profit of the company (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). From the above analysis, it is identified that both debt equity ratio and equity ratio were increased. The debt ratio was 13.10% in 2015 and it was increased in 2016 up to 17.32%. This indicates that the debt level of the company increased in 2015 and 2016. This increased the liability of company. Along with this, equity ratio of Hello world was reduced in 2015 but increased in 2016. This indicates that the company issued new shares in 2016 to raise the fund to meet its financial requirement (Braun, et al, 2013). Therefore, overall it can be said that debt level of company was higher and need higher working capital to meets its expenses. Market performance ratio: Market performance of the company is measured based on the earning per share, dividend per share and other ratios. Both earning per share and earring per share of the hello world was not good in 2015 due to huge loss to the company. Due to capital requirement, numbers of shares were increased in 2015 and 2016 but the divided paid out ratio decreased. The earnings per share was increased in 2016 that indicates that the company improved its performance in 2016 over previous years (Brigham and Houston, 2015). Therefore, it can be said that earning per share ratio and dividend paid out ratio were increased in 2016 that indicates the company had good profit in 2016 and performed better. Higher earnings per share of the company indicate that the company experienced higher market price. Activity ratio assesses the capability of company for converting the assets, liabilities, and capital accounts into cash or sales. This gauges the management efficiency of the company. From the above table, it is found that the trade receivable turnover and asset turnover ratios were decreased in year of 2016. The trade receivable ratios were decreased in 2015 and 2016 that indicates that the management efficiency decreased that led delay in collection of the payment from market (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). At the same time, the asset turnover ratio of Hello world was increased in 2015 but the assets were decreased and the sales also decreased. At the same time, in 2016 the total asset was increased and utilized optimum that increased the sales of the company. However, the ratio was decreased in 2016. Therefore, it can be said that the management efficiency of the company was turned down in 2016 from 2015 (Fridson and Alvarez, 2011). It indicates the incapability of management of fi rm in using the assets and its resources. The interest coverage ratio indicates the ability of the company in doing timely payment of interest on its debts (Delen et al, 2013). The interest coverage ratio of Hello world was negative in 2015, which shows that the company was unable to pay its interest on its debt because the firm earned loss during 2015. In 2016, profit was earned that improved the interest coverage ratio. This indicates that hello world became able to pay interest payment in 2016. Current Share Price of Helloworld Limited and Perception about current price in market: The share price of Helloworld Limited is 4.00AUD at 14 March 2017(ASX, 2017). On basis of current share price of company, I think that the current share price of Helloworld Limited is relatively low or constant at 4.00AUD from the 6 march, 2017 that means there is lesser chance of increasing and decreasing the share price. Along with this, on basis of current share price, it also can be analyzed that investment in the Helloworld shares is not beneficial to get return on investment. The price of companys share can be increased from the company news as if company declares that they are going to acquire other relative company or in the financial year company distribute the large amount of total profit to its shareholders in the form of dividend. On the other hand, on basis of overall company share price I think that at this time we can sell the shares of company rather than buy as share price of company are relatively low or there is no huge change in share prices. Apart from this, there are different factors that affect the current share price of company. These different factors are as corporate actions, demand and supply, expectations and speculations, dividend distribution, and company news (Gordon, 2014). If the company distributes the higher dividend to its shareholders than it influence the investors to get the higher return. At the same time, the company news related to acquisition and business expansion also affect the share price of company. Conclusion: From the above analysis, it is found that the performance of Hello World Limited have been improved in 2016 over previous year. At the same time, it operates in three segments include retail, travel management, and wholesale. The main revenue themes of the company are its sales, disposal of investment, interest, dividend from associates and others. The share price of the Hello world is constant and relatively low. Company actions, demand and supply, dividend distribution, and news about company may affect the share price of company. References: Babalola, Y. A., and Abiola, F. R. (2013) Financial Ratio Analysis of Firms: A Tool for Decision Making. International journal of management sciences, 1(4), 132-137. Borowski, A., (2010) Financial Management. UK: GRIN Verlag Braun, K. W., Tietz, W. M., Harrison, W. T. (2013)Managerial accounting. USA: Pearson. Brigham, E. F. and Houston, J. F. (2015) Fundamentals of Financial Management. USA: Cengage Learning. Brigham, E. F., and Ehrhardt, M. C. (2013) Financial management: Theory practice. USA: Cengage Learning. Delen, D., Kuzey, C. and Uyar, A. (2013) Measuring firm performance using financial ratios: A decision tree approach.Expert Systems with Applications,40(10), pp.3970-3983. Fridson, M. S. and Alvarez, F. (2011) Financial Statement Analysis: A Practitioner's Guide. USA: John Wiley Sons. Hello World Limited, (2017) Hello and Welcome [Online]. Available at: https://www.helloworldlimited.com.au/ (Accessed: 15 March 2017). Hello World Limited, (2016) Annual report [Online]. Available at: https://www.helloworldlimited.com.au/~/media/Helloworld%20Limited/Files/Annual%20Reports/Helloworld%20FY16%20Annual%20Report.ashx (Accessed: 15 March 2017). Hello World Limited, (2015) Annual report [Online]. Available at: https://www.helloworldlimited.com.au/~/media/Helloworld%20Limited/Files/Annual%20Reports/FY15%20HLO%20Annual%20Report_FINAL_ASX.ashx (Accessed: 15 March 2017). ASX, (2017) Prices and Research [Online]. Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/asx/share-price-research/company/HLO (Accessed: 15 March, 2017). Gordon, B. (2014) Top 10 Factors Affecting the Stock Market [Online]. Available at: https://www.toptenreviews.com/money/articles/top-10-factors-affecting-the-stock-market/ (Accessed: 15 March, 2017).

Journal Entry free essay sample

Initially, developing an appreciation for Philippine literature in high school students requires that teachers select reading material with themes that are relevant to the modern era in which they live in. Many techniques are available for classroom use when it comes to teaching literature. Along with traditional independent reading, group work and interactive activities are commonly used in literature classroom. These methods help students learn the messages conveyed in great works of literature. Using a variety of teaching techniques can help one reach more students.It also creates new and exciting experiences for students. Marzano (1988) stated that by writing about what they are thinking, students show their thinking process as they read, allowing teachers to redirect or encourage students to be more effective readers. Teachers may assign students free writing exercises in which they can respond to elements of the story, as well as prompt driven responses. Important elements of the story, aspects crucial to the theme, and anything of unique interest to a student should be encouraged to be reflected upon during the reading. We will write a custom essay sample on Journal Entry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The storys main conflict, its level of importance, and possible solutions are all worthy topics for students to evaluate and discuss. Students keep reading journals and document their reactions to the book as they read it. Reading journals allow students to enjoy literature and make remarks about points of interest as they come to them during the reading. Both in traditional and online classrooms, journal entries are used as tools for student reflection. Reflective practice has been prevalent in the teacher education literature for several decades (Schmuck, 2006; Schon, 1983; 1991).In the early 20th century, John Dewey defined reflective thought as â€Å"active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends†. Learning to reflect on one’s own practice has become the focus of many teacher preparation programs (Valli, 1992). By consciously thinking about and comparing issues, life experiences, and course readings, students are better able to understand links between assumption and practice and to generate justifiable, well-supported opinions.Students engage with ideas and experiences that bring about questions, comparisons, insights, criticisms, speculations, and tentative conclusion. Journal entry strategy allows students to record their responses to text as they read. Students write down phrases or sentences from their assigned reading and then write their own reaction to that passage. This strategy is to give students the opportunity to express their thoughts and become actively involved with the material they read.This interactive strategy activates prior knowledge and present feelings, and promotes collaborative learning. In helping students to activate the prior knowledge they bring to the learning environment, teachers build on students’ strengths and experiences to create new learning. Background of the Study For the past few years, a good deal of attention has been paid in helping the students create a connection in literature. A lot of activities had been used in order to improve the students’ interest in Philippine literature.Reflection creates a connection between reading and writing as students are able to reply to the author or speaker as they write their responses. The strategy supports English-language learners. As the students read and select the lines that interest them, they are improving reading comprehension skills. As they copy the lines from the text, they are learning English sentence structure and vocabulary. When they write and then share their responses, they are engaging in conversational as well as academic discourse about the texts. In this study, the students are requested to make reflections on selected literary piece they will read. This research define reflection as going beyond description and instead, sharing a reaction or explanation of what students learned. Teachers in Luis Palad National High School give various activities that would help their students improve their performance in Philippine literature. Group discussion was often used by teachers as students’ activity; the students were grouped and they discuss the story with each other, giving their insights about the story they have read.The teacher also gives some worksheets which the students answer. Currently the teachers in Luis Palad do not make use of journal entry as their students’ activity. The researcher would want to study the effects of using journal entry as students’ activity and to what extent does it help in improving ones reading comprehension and performance in literature. The researcher sees this study as ultimately developing pedagogy of reflection applicable to a variety of literary pieces. Reflection connects the world of experience and the world of ideas (Dewey, 1933).Reflective practice allows for continual development in all areas, including growth in content knowledge and habits of mind. Teachers want their students to use their inner world of ideas, prior experiences, and beliefs to make sense of their reading. Statement of the Problem The intention of this research is to investigate the efficiency of Journal Entries in enhancing the students’ comprehension skill and improving their performance in Philippine Literature. 1. What is the level of the students’ comprehension in Philippine Literature before and after the utilization of Journal Entries? . Is there a significant difference between the pretest and posttest score of the experimental and control group? 3. What is the attitude of the students toward journal entry as a means of improving their performance in Philippine Literature? Significance of the study This study could help motivate the high school students to engage more in literature. One of the best ways to engage in literary text (story, novel, and poem among others) is to have conversation with it or its author, and journal entries allow the students to do that.It could give opportunity for the students to express their thoughts and become more involved with the material they encounter, respond emotionally, ask questions, make predictions, and connect the text to their own lives. In addition, this kind of activity might help students practice the habits of good readers by slowing down the reading process and demanding that they become aware of the â€Å"conversation† they are having with themselves about wh at a text might mean. Research by Marzano (1988) emphasizes the importance of metacognition and student learning.By writing about what they are thinking, students show their thinking process as they read, allowing teachers to redirect or encourage students to be more effective readers. Moreover, the teachers might be able to establish various kinds of teaching strategies based on the reflections, reactions and prediction of the students. Also, they might be able to identify on what difficulties the students encountered while reading a certain literary context. Furthermore, this research would be able to determine to what extent is journal entry useful in teaching literature.